Sociodemographic Factors of Asthma Prevalence and Costs Among Children and Adolescents in the United States, 2016–2021
ORIGINAL RESEARCH — Volume 21 — July 25, 2024
PEER REVIEWED
Figure.
Total medical expenditures among children and adolescents aged 0 to 17 years, in dollars, by treated asthma and race and ethnicity, 2016–2021 Medical Expenditures Panel Survey. All estimates were pooled and weighted using the complex survey design. Non-Hispanic Other race includes American Indian, Alaska Native, and multiracial. Graphs use different scales. Abbreviation: NH, non-Hispanic.
| Characteristic | Estimate (95% CI), $ |
|---|---|
| Total | |
| Hispanic without asthma | 2,029.38 (1,800.36–2,258.41) |
| Non-Hispanic White without asthma | 2,766.22 (2,490.28–3,042.16) |
| Non-Hispanic Black without asthma | 1,587.32 (1,395.82–1,778.81) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian without asthma | 1,474.32 (1,215.68–1,732.96) |
| Non-Hispanic Other without asthma | 2,390.16 (1,943.85–2,836.47) |
| Hispanic with asthma | 4,684.44 (3,939.50–5,429.39) |
| Non-Hispanic White with asthma | 6,385.30 (5,483.77–7,286.82) |
| Non-Hispanic Black with asthma | 3,664.02 (3,086.90–4,241.14) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian with asthma | 3,403.19 (2,678.69–4,127.69) |
| Non-Hispanic Other with asthma | 5,517.24 (4,389.73–6,644.75) |
| Out-of-pocket | |
| Hispanic without asthma | 282.26 (245.48–319.04) |
| Non-Hispanic White without asthma | 387.90 (356.07–419.73) |
| Non-Hispanic Black without asthma | 164.34 (140.28–188.40) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian without asthma | 290.78 (222.35–359.22) |
| Non-Hispanic Other without asthma | 259.13 (211.58–306.68) |
| Hispanic with asthma | 421.89 (327.87–515.91) |
| Non-Hispanic White with asthma | 547.73 (438.53–656.93) |
| Non-Hispanic Black with asthma | 258.62 (198.62–318.62) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian with asthma | 431.34 (309.06–553.61) |
| Non-Hispanic Other with asthma | 385.28 (291.34–479.23) |
| Private insurance | |
| Hispanic without asthma | 1,182.54 (989.16–1,375.91) |
| Non-Hispanic White without asthma | 1,413.44 (1,199.93–1,626.96) |
| Non-Hispanic Black without asthma | 863.91 (694.04–1,033.77) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian without asthma | 825.94 (632.88–1,019.00) |
| Non-Hispanic Other without asthma | 1,185.43 (882.10–1,488.76) |
| Hispanic with asthma | 1,896.83 (1,385.54–2,408.13) |
| Non-Hispanic White with asthma | 2,180.08 (1,638.08–2,722.07) |
| Non-Hispanic Black with asthma | 1,410.99 (954.84–1,867.13) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian with asthma | 1,326.31 (900.69–1,751.93) |
| Non-Hispanic Other with asthma | 1,894.63 (1,280.94–2,508.32) |
| Public insurance | |
| Hispanic without asthma | 623.90 (525.13–722.67) |
| Non-Hispanic White without asthma | 863.02 (731.89–994.15) |
| Non-Hispanic Black without asthma | 524.47 (431.83–617.11) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian without asthma | 239.41 (184.50–294.32) |
| Non-Hispanic Other without asthma | 756.93 (521.53–992.32) |
| Hispanic with asthma | 2,305.29 (1,856.67–2,753.91) |
| Non-Hispanic White with asthma | 3,158.39 (2,541.39–3,775.39) |
| Non-Hispanic Black with asthma | 1,941.63 (1,552.53–2,330.73) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian with asthma | 916.63 (683.60–1,149.67) |
| Non-Hispanic Other with asthma | 2,759.74 (1,881.55–3,637.93) |
| Prescribed medicine | |
| Hispanic without asthma | 137.15 (109.11–165.19) |
| Non-Hispanic White without asthma | 258.53 (217.52–299.53) |
| Non-Hispanic Black without asthma | 120.65 (95.42–145.87) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian without asthma | 47.55 (30.40–64.69) |
| Non-Hispanic Other without asthma | 211.84 (151.35–272.34) |
| Hispanic with asthma | 1,103.57 (866.94–1,340.19) |
| Non-Hispanic White with asthma | 1,635.33 (1,329.92–1,940.73) |
| Non-Hispanic Black with asthma | 1,141.20 (877.38–1,405.02) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian with asthma | 521.43 (333.61–709.24) |
| Non-Hispanic Other with asthma | 1,564.69 (1,077.53–2,051.84) |
| Emergency room | |
| Hispanic without asthma | 96.42 (83.35–109.49) |
| Non-Hispanic White without asthma | 109.16 (96.94–121.39) |
| Non-Hispanic Black without asthma | 92.51 (77.13–107.90) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian without asthma | 64.29 (46.11–82.48) |
| Non-Hispanic Other without asthma | 113.66 (86.29–141.02) |
| Hispanic with asthma | 216.50 (169.89–263.11) |
| Non-Hispanic White with asthma | 243.29 (192.74–293.84) |
| Non-Hispanic Black with asthma | 207.12 (152.26–261.99) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian with asthma | 149.05 (102.98–195.12) |
| Non-Hispanic Other with asthma | 249.43 (176.92–321.94) |
| Inpatient stay | |
| Hispanic without asthma | 377.68 (277.75–477.61) |
| Non-Hispanic White without asthma | 575.02 (395.60–754.43) |
| Non-Hispanic Black without asthma | 504.67 (303.00–706.34) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian without asthma | 204.37 (56.25–352.48) |
| Non-Hispanic Other without asthma | 494.21 (278.56–709.85) |
| Hispanic with asthma | 708.37 (413.76–1,002.98) |
| Non-Hispanic White with asthma | 1,067.26 (668.54–1,465.98) |
| Non-Hispanic Black with asthma | 949.40 (506.18–1,392.61) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian with asthma | 391.08 (76.50–705.67) |
| Non-Hispanic Other with asthma | 905.00 (444.51–1,365.50) |
| Hospital outpatient | |
| Hispanic without asthma | 167.08 (104.94–229.22) |
| Non-Hispanic White without asthma | 252.49 (172.78–332.21) |
| Non-Hispanic Black without asthma | 123.84 (62.43–185.25) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian without asthma | 136.27 (46.99–225.54) |
| Non-Hispanic Other without asthma | 141.03 (80.42–201.63) |
| Hispanic with asthma | 366.81 (176.37–557.25) |
| Non-Hispanic White with asthma | 539.94 (320.09–759.78) |
| Non-Hispanic Black with asthma | 278.25 (125.07–431.43) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian with asthma | 297.05 (71.78–522.31) |
| Non-Hispanic Other with asthma | 306.07 (156.04–456.11) |
| Office visits | |
| Hispanic without asthma | 714.03 (624.33–803.73) |
| Non-Hispanic White without asthma | 882.43 (811.71–953.15) |
| Non-Hispanic Black without asthma | 432.98 (379.03–486.94) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian without asthma | 491.88 (405.71–578.04) |
| Non-Hispanic Other without asthma | 673.55 (577.73–769.36) |
| Hispanic with asthma | 1,526.21 (1,227.06–1,825.36) |
| Non-Hispanic White with asthma | 1,769.65 (1,473.58–2065.72) |
| Non-Hispanic Black with asthma | 966.46 (783.46–1,149.46) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian with asthma | 1,059.73 (808.57–1,310.89) |
| Non-Hispanic Other with asthma | 1,417.75 (1,147.82–1,687.69) |
| Home health visits | |
| Hispanic without asthma | 201.61 (126.27–276.94) |
| Non-Hispanic White without asthma | 117.92 (81.51–154.34) |
| Non-Hispanic Black without asthma | 106.20 (40.39–172.00) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian without asthma | 103.49 (29.34–177.64) |
| Non-Hispanic Other without asthma | 184.66 (67.45–301.88) |
| Hispanic with asthma | 380.77 (172.60–588.95) |
| Non-Hispanic White with asthma | 220.78 (114.31–327.25) |
| Non-Hispanic Black with asthma | 201.29 (66.40–336.19) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian with asthma | 196.17 (39.94–352.41) |
| Non-Hispanic Other with asthma | 343.68 (92.40–594.96) |